one who lies upon

in-cŭbo, ŭi, ĭtum, āre (rarely āvi, ātum, in the sense of to brood), 1, v. n. and a., to lie in a place or upon a thing (class.).

Lit.:

hic leno aegrotus incubat in Aesculapii fano,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 61: namque incubare satius te fuerat Jovi, against (the statue of) Jupiter, id. ib. 2, 2, 16:

umero incubat hasta,

rests, lies upon her shoulder, Ov. M. 6, 593:

ipsi caetris superpositis incubantes flumen tranavere,

Liv. 21, 27, 5:

his (utribus) incubantes tranavere amnem,

Curt. 7, 21, 18.— Poet.: ferro, to fall upon one ' s sword, Sen. Hippol. 259.— In part. pres.: incubans, lying near to, bordering upon:

jugum mari,

Plin. 6, 17, 20, § 53.—

In partic.

To sit upon eggs, to brood, to hatch:

gallinas incubare fetibus alienigenis patiemur,

Col. 8, 5, 10:

ova gallinis incubanda subicere,

Plin. 10, 59, 79, § 161:

ova incubita,

id. 29, 3, 11, § 45.—

To abide or dwell in:

rure incubabo in praefectura mea,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 1, 21:

lucos et specus,

to inhabit, App. M. 4, p. 150, 15. —

Pregn.: tabernulam littori proximam, vitatis maris fluctibus, incubabant,

i. e. entered and lodged, App. M. 7, p. 190.—

To be in, lie in, rest in or on:

purpura atque auro,

Sen. Thyest. 909:

pavidusque pinnis anxiae noctis vigil incubabat,

on his wings, id. ib. 570 sq.—

To cling to, fall upon, said of mourners over the dead, etc.:

indigna fui marito accendisse rogum, incubuisse viro?

Luc. 9, 57; 8, 727; cf. id. 2, 27 al.—

Trop., to brood over, to watch jealously over a thing, either to keep or get possession of it:

qui illi pecuniae, quam condiderat, spe jam atque animo incubaret,

Cic. Clu. 26, 72:

auro,

Verg. G. 2, 507:

divitiis,

id. A. 6, 610:

publicis thesauris,

to retain sole possession of, Liv. 6, 15:

opimae praedae,

Flor. 2, 10, 2.—

To press upon, weigh upon, be a burden to, fasten on:

ut inhaerentem atque incubantem Italiae extorqueret Annibalem,

Flor. 2, 6, 57:

protervus menti furor,

Sen. Hippol. 268:

illi mors gravis incubat,

id. Thyest. 401.—

To settle on, attach one ' s self to any thing. — Absol., of bees:

nisi incubavere,

Plin. 11, 16, 15, § 45.— Usually with dat.:

leo victor armento incubat,

Sen. Thyest. 733:

ponto nox incubat atra,

glooms over, darkens, Verg. A. 1, 89:

quamvis ipsis urbis faucibus incubaret,

took up a position at, Flor. 1, 10, 2;

but cf.: pigra incubat Caligo terras,

Avien. Or. Mar. 236:

caelum quod incubat urbi,

Val. Fl. 2, 494.

incŭbo, ōnis, m. [1. incubo], one who lies upon any thing.

A spirit that watches over buried treasures (post-class.):

cum modo incuboni pileum rapuisset, thesaurum invenit,

Petr. Fragm. Trag. 38, 8.—

The nightmare, incubus (post-class.):

ab incubone deludi,

Scrib. Comp. 100:

de incubone praesumptio,

Tert. Anim. 44.

mĕdĭus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. madhya, the same; Gr. mesos; Angl. - Sax. midd; Germ. Mitte; cf. dimidius, meridies (medi-), etc.], that is in the middle or midst, mid, middle (class.).

Adj.

Lit.:

terra complexa medium mundi locum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf. id. ib. 6, 17, 17:

medium mundi locum petere,

id. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

versus aeque prima, et media, et extrema pars attenditur,

id. de Or. 3, 50, 192:

ultimum, proximum, medium tempus,

id. Prov. Cons. 18, 43:

in foro medio,

in the midst of the forum, Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 6; cf.:

medio foro,

in the open forum, Suet. Claud. 18 al.:

in solio medius consedit,

sat in the middle, Ov. F. 3, 359; Verg. A. 7, 169:

considit scopulo medius,

id. G. 4, 436:

concilio medius sedebat,

Ov. M. 10, 144:

ignes,

Verg. A. 12, 201:

medio tempore,

in the meantime, meanwhile, Suet. Caes. 76: vinum novum, vetus, medium, i. e. neither old nor new, Varr. ap. Gell. 13, 31, 14:

cum plenus fluctu medius foret alveus,

full to the middle, Juv. 12, 30.—With dat.:

Peloponnesii Megaram, mediam Corintho Athenisque urbem, condidere,

midway between Corinth and Athens, Vell. 1, 2, 4.—With abl.:

si medius Polluce et Castore ponar,

between, Ov. Am. 2, 16, 13.—With inter:

cum inter bellum et pacem medium nihil sit,

there is no medium, no middle course between, Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 4:

inter quos numeros duo medii inveniuntur (sc. numeri),

Mart. Cap. 7, § 737.—With gen.:

locus medius regionum earum,

half-way between, Caes. B. G. 4, 19:

locus medius juguli summique lacerti,

between, Ov. M. 6, 409; 5, 564:

et medius juvenum ibat,

id. F. 5, 67:

medius silentūm,

Stat. Th. 4, 683.—With ex:

medius ex tribus,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

medium arripere aliquem,

to seize one by the middle, around the body, Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 18:

juvenem medium complectitur,

Liv. 23, 9, 9:

Alcides medium tenuit,

held him fast by the middle, Luc. 4, 652:

medium ostendere unguem,

to point with the middle finger, Juv. 10, 53.—

Transf., half (ante- and postclass.):

hieme demunt cibum medium,

half their food, Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 9:

scrupulum croci,

Pall. Jan. 18: aurum... Italicis totum, medium provincialibus reddidit, Capitol. Anton. Pius, 4 fin. —

Trop., of the middle, not very great or small, middling, medial, moderate.

Of age:

aetatis mediae vir,

of middle age, Phaedr. 2, 2, 3.—

Of plans, purposes, etc.:

nihil medium, nec spem nec curam, sed immensa omnia volventes animo,

Liv. 2, 49, 5:

medium quiddam tenere,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 9.—

Of intellect:

eloquentiā medius,

middling, tolerable, Vell. 2, 29, 2:

ingenium,

moderate, Tac. H. 1, 49.—

Undetermined, undecided:

medios esse,

i. e. neutral, Cic. Att. 10, 8, 4:

medium se gerere,

Liv. 2, 27:

se dubium mediumque partibus praestitit,

Vell. 2, 21, 1; cf.:

responsum,

indefinite, ambiguous, Liv. 39, 39: vocabula, that can be taken in a good or bad sense, ambiguous, Gell. 12, 9, 1. —

Indifferent, not imperative: officium, a duty which is not distinctly enjoined by the moral law, but is sustained by preponderant reasoning:

medium officium id esse dicunt (Graeci) quod cur factum sit, ratio probabilis reddi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 8; cf.:

ex quo intellegitur, officium medium quiddam esse, quod neque in bonis ponatur neque in contrariis,

id. Fin. 3, 17, 58; cf.

sqq. and Madv. ad loc.: artes,

which in themselves are neither good nor bad, indifferent, Quint. 2, 20, 1.—

Intermediate:

medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numae et Romuli memor,

of a middle kind, resembling each in some degree, Liv. 1, 32, 4:

nihil habet ista res (actoris) medium, sed aut lacrimas meretur aut risum,

Quint. 6, 1, 45:

ille jam paene medius adfectus est ex amoribus et desideriis amicorum,

Quint. 6, 2, 17.—Hence, as subst.: mĕdĭus, i, m., one who stands or comes between, a mediator:

medium sese offert,

as a mediator, Verg. A. 7, 536:

pacator mediusque Syphax,

Sil. 16, 222:

pacis eras mediusque belli,

arbiter, Hor. C. 2, 19, 28; cf.:

nunc mediis subeant irrita verba deis,

oaths in which the gods were called upon to be mediators, Ov. R. Am. 678.—

Central, with ex or in:

ex factione media consul,

fully committed to it, Sall. H. 3, 61, 8;

so (nearly = intimus), viros fortīs et magnanimos eosdem bonos et simplicīs... esse volumus: quae sunt ex media laude justititiae,

these qualities are clearly among those which make uprightness praiseworthy, Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63:

partitiones oratoriae, quae e media illa nostra Academia effloruerunt,

id. Part. Or. 40, 139:

ingressio e media philosophia repetita est,

id. Or. 3, 11; id. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

in medio maerore et dolore,

id. Tusc. 4, 29, 63; id. Q. Fr. 2, 15, 1:

in media dimicatione,

the hottest of the fight, Suet. Aug. 10; cf.:

in medio ardore certaminis,

Curt. 8, 4, 27:

in media solitudine,

the most profound, Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 2:

in mediis divitiis,

in abundant wealth, id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1:

in medio robore virium,

Liv. 28, 35, 6:

in medio ardore belli,

id. 24, 45, 4:

in media reipublicae luce,

the full blaze of public life, Quint. 1, 2, 18:

media inter pocula,

Juv. 8, 217.—Hence,

Subst.: mĕdĭum, ii, n., the middle, midst.

Lit.

Of space (very rare in Cic.):

in medio aedium sedens,

Liv. 1, 57, 9:

maris,

id. 31, 45, 11; for which, without in, medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere, id. 5, 41, 2:

medio viae ponere,

id. 37, 13, 10:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse,

Sall. J. 45, 2; for which, without in, medio sextam legionem constituit, Tac. A. 13, 38:

medio montium porrigitur planities,

id. ib. 1, 64:

medio stans hostia ad aras,

Verg. G. 3, 486:

medio tutissimus ibis,

Ov. M. 2, 137:

in medium geminos immani pondere caestus Projecit,

Verg. A. 5, 401:

in medium sarcinas coniciunt,

Liv. 10, 36, 1; 13:

equitatus consulem in medium acceptum, armis protegens, in castra reduxit,

id. 21, 46, 9.— Trop.:

tamquam arbiter honorarius medium ferire voluisse,

to cut through the middle, Cic. Fat. 17, 39:

intacta invidiā media sunt, ad summa ferme tendit,

Liv. 45, 35.—

Of time:

diei,

Liv. 27, 48:

medio temporis,

in the meantime, meanwhile, Tac. A. 13, 28; cf.:

nec longum in medio tempus, cum,

the interval, Verg. A. 9, 395; Ov. M. 4, 167; Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13.—

Transf.

The midst of all, the presence of all, the public, the community (class.):

in medio omnibus palma est posita, qui artem tractant musicam,

lies open to all, Ter. Phorm. prol. 16:

tabulae sunt in medio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 104:

rem totam in medio ponere,

publicly, id. ib. 2, 1, 11, §

29: ponam in medio sententias philosophorum,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 13:

dicendi ratio in medio posita,

lies open to all, id. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

rem in medium proferre,

to publish, make known, id. Fam. 15, 27, 6: vocare in medium, before the public, before a public tribunal:

rem in medium vocare coeperunt,

id. Clu. 28, 77:

in medio relinquere,

to leave it to the public, leave it undecided, id. Cael. 20, 48; Sall. C. 19, 16: pellere e medio, to expel, reject, Enn. ap. Cic. Mur. 14, 30 (Ann. v. 272 Vahl.); Cic. Off. 3, 8, 37:

cum jacentia verba sustulimus e medio,

adopt words from the people, common words, id. de Or. 3, 45, 177; cf.: munda sed e medio consuetaque verba puellae Scribite, Ov. A. A. 3, 479: tollere de medio, to do away with, abolish:

litteras,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 71, § 176: tollere de medio, to put out of the way, cut off, destroy:

hominem,

id. Rosc. Am. 7, 20:

de medio removere,

to put out of sight, id. ib. 8, 23: e medio excedere or abire, to leave the world, to die:

e medio excessit,

she is dead, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 74:

ea mortem obiit, e medio abiit,

id. ib. 5, 8, 30:

tollite lumen e medio,

Juv. 9, 106: recedere de medio, to go away, retire, withdraw:

cur te mihi offers? recede de medio,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 112:

in medio esse,

to be present, Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 32:

in medium venire or procedere,

to appear, come forward, show one's self in public, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 71, § 175: in medium, before the public, for the public, for the community:

communes utilitates in medium afferre,

id. Off. 1, 7, 22:

consulere in medium,

to care for the public good, for the good of all, Verg. A. 11, 335;

so opp. separantem suas res a publicis,

Liv. 24, 22, 14 sq.; 26, 12, 7:

quaerere,

to make acquisitions for the use of all, Verg. G. 1, 127: cedere, to fall or devolve to the community, Tac. H. 4, 64:

conferre laudem,

i. e. so that all may have a share of it, Liv. 6, 6:

dare,

to communicate for the use of all, Ov. M. 15, 66:

in medium conferre, in gaming,

to put down, put in the pool, Suet. Aug. 71: in medio, for sub dio, in the open air:

scorpios fugari posse, si aliqui ex eis urantur in medio,

Pall. 1, 35, 12.—

A half (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

scillae medium conterunt cum aqua,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7:

scrobem ad medium completo,

Col. Arb. 4, 5.—Hence,

Adv.: mĕdĭē, in the middle, in a middling degree, moderately, tolerably (except once in Tac. only post-class.):

qui noluerant medie,

kept quiet, remained neutral, Tac. H. 1, 19:

nec plane optimi, nec oppido deterrimi sunt, sed quasi medie morati,

App. Dogm. Plat. 2, p. 22, 23; Eutr. 7, 13; Lact. 6, 15 fin.:

ortus medie humilis,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 20.—

Indefinitely, Ambros. in Luc. 8, 17, 34.

circum [properly acc. from circus = kirkos], adv. and prep., designates either an entire encompassing or surrounding of an object, or a proximity only partially em. bracing or comprehending it, around, about, all around, peri, amphi

Around, round about, all around, etc., perix:

furcas circum offigito,

Cato, R. R. 48, 2; Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1;

Verg A 3, 230: quia (locus) vastis circum saltibus claudebatur,

Tac. A. 4, 25:

molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho,

Verg. E. 3, 45:

age tu interim Da cito ab Delphio Cantharum circum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 33:

quae circum essent opera tueri,

Caes. B. C 2, 10:

interea Rutuli portis circum omnibus instant,

Verg. A. 10, 118 (i. e. circumcirca fusi:

nam modo circum adverbium loci est, Serv.): omnem, quae nuno.umida circum Caligat, nu. bem eripiam,

id. ib. 2, 605; Tib. 1, 3, 77; 1, 5, 11. sed circum tutae sub moenibus urbis aquantur, round about under the walls, Verg. G 4, 193. faciundum haras quadratas circum binos pedes, all around, i. e. on every side, two feet, Varr. R. R. 3, 10, 3 Schneid.—

Strengthened with undique (in later Latin also sometimes written as one word, circumundique), from everywhere around, around on all sides:

circum Undique convenere,

Verg. A. 4, 416; Lucr. 3, 404:

clausis circum undique portis,

Stat. S. 2, 5, 13; 5, 1, 155; id. Th. 2, 228:

oppositu circumundique aliarum aedium,

Gell. 4, 5, 3; 13, 24, 1; 14, 2, 9;

so with totus and omnis,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1; Verg. A. 10, 118.—

Of an incomplete circuit, esp. of the part that meets the view, lies on the hither side, etc. (v. under II.):

hostilibus circum litoribus,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

aestas... aperto circum pelago peramoena,

id. ib. 4, 67:

gentibus innumeris circum infraque relictis,

Ov. M. 4, 668; Stat. Achill. 1, 56:

corpus servans circumque supraque vertitur,

id. Th. 9, 114; Albin. Carm. ap. Maecen. 46.

Prep. with acc.

Around, abow (implying a complete circuit):

armillas quattuor facito, quas circum orbem indas,

Cato, R. R. 21, 4:

terra circum axem se summā celeritate convertit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; Quint. 2, 17, 19 Zumpt N. cr.:

ligato circum collum sudario,

Suet. Ner. 51:

terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges,

Verg. G. 1, 345:

at genitor circum caput omne micantes Deposuit radios,

Ov. M. 2, 40.—

As in adv. B., of an incomplete circuit, about, upon, around, near:

capillus sparsus, promissus, circum caput Rejectus neglegenter,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 49:

flexo circum cava tempora cornu,

Ov. M. 7, 313; 10, 116; 11, 159:

tum Salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum adsunt,

Verg. A. 8, 285:

varios hic flumina circum Fundit humus flores,

on the borders of the rivulets, id. E. 9, 40:

urgeris turbā circum te stante,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 135; cf. id. C. 2, 16, 33:

circum renidentes Lares,

id. Epod. 2, 66; Verg. G. 2, 484; cf. Luc. 2, 557:

illi indignantes Circum claustra fremunt,

Verg. A. 1, 56:

oras et litora circum errantem,

id. ib. 3, 75.—

Circum very freq. expresses, not a relative motion around a given central point, but an absol. circular movement, in which several objects named form separate points of a periphery, in, into, among... around, to... around, etc.:

te adloquor, Quae circum vicinos vages,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 14: ego Arpini volo esse pridie Cal., deinde circum villulas nostras errare, not round about our villas, but in our villas around, Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3; cf Hor. S. 1, 6, 58:

tum Naevius pueros circum amicos dimittit,

to friends around, Cic. Quint. 6, 25; Suet. Ner. 47:

cum praetorem circum omnia fora sectaretur,

Cic. Verr 2, 2, 70, § 169:

Apronius ducebat eos circum civitates,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26, §

65: ille circum hospites cursabat,

id. ib. 2, 4, 19, §

41: lenonem quondam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas,

id. Cat. 4, 8, 17:

dimissis circum municipia litteris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 22:

circum oram maritimam misit, ut, etc.,

Liv. 29, 24, 9:

legatio sub idem tempus in Asiam et circum insulas missa,

id. 42, 45, 1; Suet. Aug. 64; id. Caes. 41; id. Calig. 28; 41; Hor. S. 2, 3, 281; id. Ep 1, 1, 49: et te circum omnes alias irata puellas Differet, to or among all the other maidens around, Prop. 1, 4, 21—

With the prevailing idea of neighborhood, vicinity, in the environs of, in the vicinity of, at, near:

circum haec loca commorabor,

Cic. Att. 3, 17, 2; Pompei ib. 8, 12, C, 1 exercitu in foro et in omnibus templis, quae circum forum sunt, conlocato, Cic. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

urbes, quae circum Capuam sunt,

id. Agr. 1, 7, 20:

cum tot essent circum hastam illam,

id. Phil. 2, 26, 64 Wernsd. N. cr.:

non succurrit tibi, quamdiu circum Bactra haereas?

Curt. 7, 8, 21, Tac. A. 4, 74. —

Of persons who surround one (as attendants, friends, etc.); in Gr.peri or amphi tina:

paucae, quae circum illam essent,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 33; Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum catervas habebat,

Sall. C. 14, 1; cf. id. ib. 26, 4:

Hectora circum,

Verg. A. 6, 166.—Circum pedes for ad pedes, of servants in attendance, is rare, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92;

v ad, I. D. 3. b.—

,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Müll., Lucr 1, 937; 4, 220; 6, 427; Cic. N. D. 2, 41, 105; Verg. E. 8, 12; 8, 74; 9, 40; id. A. 1, 32; 2, 515; 2, 564; 3, 75: 6, 166; 6, 329; 9, 440; Tib. 1, 1, 23; 1, 5, 51; Stat. Th. 3, 395.—

In composition the m remains unchanged before consonants; before vowels it was, acc. to Prisc. p. 567 P., and Cassiod. p. 2294 ib., written in like manner, but (except before j and v) not pronounced. Yet in the best MSS. we find the orthography circuitio, circuitus, and even circueo together with circumeo; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 736 sq. —Signif.,

Acc. to II. A.: circumcido, circumcludo, circumculco, circumfluo, circumfodio, circumfundo, etc.—

Acc. to II. B.: circumcolo, circumflecto, circumjaceo, circumicio.—

Acc. to II. C.: circumcellio, circumcurso, circumduco, circumfero, circumforaneus.—In many compounds, circum has sometimes one and sometimes another signif., as in circumdo, circumeo, circumsisto, etc.; v. h. vv.—

336] object; e. g. circumcursare circum aliquid and similar phrases are not found.